Simulated trampling by cattle negatively impacts invasive Yellow-Flag Iris (Iris pseudacorus) when submerged

Abstract Yellow-flag iris ( Iris pseudacorus L.) is a nonnative, invasive wetland plant that disrupts riparian ecosystem processes and widely distributed across the United States Canada. Due to its physiological morphological characteristics, I. has capacity exclude native vegetation form extensive monocultures in both lotic lentic systems. Methods commonly used manage include manual (e.g., hand pulling, digging) mechanical mowing) treatments for small populations herbicide applications larger populations; however, near water may be prohibited due label restrictions. The objective of this research was evaluate cattle trampling as nonchemical method reduce habitats. A greenhouse study conducted investigate effects inundation two different timings simulated on density, height, soluble sugar concentrations rhizomes. complementary field demonstration established ranch northwestern Nebraska density height after consecutive years. Simulated had no effect or non-inundated samples. However, combining with reduced from median 10 per pot 0 0.35 m by conclusion study. Additionally, resulted reductions years (72% 67% reduction, respectively). Soluble were not impacted any treatment.